What structural vulnerability does Pakistan's narrow tax-to-GDP ratio (approximately 9-10%) create in the context of IMF EFF conditionality?
Q1. What structural vulnerability does Pakistan's narrow tax-to-GDP ratio (approximately 9-10%) create in the context of IMF EFF conditionality?
Answer: Pakistan remains heavily dependent on indirect taxes and borrowing to finance expenditure, limiting fiscal space for development spending and making debt service burdensome relative to revenues
Explanation: With a tax-to-GDP ratio of only 9–10%, Pakistan cannot generate sufficient domestic revenue to cover expenditure, forcing reliance on indirect taxes, domestic borrowing, and external loans; this structural weakness limits development spending and makes debt servicing consume a disproportionate share of government revenue — the core concern under IMF EFF conditionality.