Party‑head supremacy tightening floor discipline through binding instructions surfaced through Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment amid late‑1990s floor‑crossing scandals tutors date to which year envelope?
Q1. Party‑head supremacy tightening floor discipline through binding instructions surfaced through Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment amid late‑1990s floor‑crossing scandals tutors date to which year envelope?
Answer: August‑1997 anti‑defection climate
Explanation: The Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment, passed in 1997 under Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, introduced strict anti-defection provisions requiring members of Parliament to vote according to party directives or face disqualification. It was enacted in the political climate following the contentious 1997 elections and aimed at curbing floor-crossing that had destabilized previous governments.