Practice Fiqh MCQs for PPSC Sub Inspector Police Islamic Studies — topic-wise sets with solved answers.
Q1. Which of the following groups is generally exempt from the obligation of Sawm?
Answer: Travellers and the seriously ill
Explanation: Islam exempts travellers, the seriously ill, pregnant or nursing women, and those who cannot physically fast from Sawm, with provisions for making up missed fasts or paying Fidyah.
Q2. What is Fidyah in Islamic law?
Answer: A compensation paid for being unable to fast due to permanent illness
Explanation: Fidyah is a form of compensation in which a person who permanently cannot fast (due to chronic illness or old age) feeds a poor person for each missed day of Ramadan instead of fasting.
Q3. Which school of Islamic jurisprudence is most widely followed in Pakistan?
Answer: Hanafi
Explanation: The Hanafi school, founded by Imam Abu Hanifa (699-767 CE), is the most widely followed madhab in Pakistan, India, Turkey, and Central Asia. It is the dominant school among Sunni Muslims in South Asia.
Q4. What is the primary source of Islamic law?
Answer: Quran
Explanation: The Quran is universally recognized as the primary and most authoritative source of Islamic law in all schools of jurisprudence. All other sources - Sunnah, Ijma, and Qiyas - are secondary and must not contradict the Quran.
Q5. The term "Fiqh" literally means:
Answer: Deep understanding or comprehension
Explanation: Fiqh literally means "deep understanding" or "comprehension" in Arabic. As a technical term, it refers to the body of Islamic jurisprudence - the detailed rules derived from the primary sources of Sharia.
Q6. What does "Ijma" mean in Islamic jurisprudence?
Answer: Consensus of Muslim scholars
Explanation: Ijma refers to the consensus of qualified Muslim scholars (mujtahids) on a legal ruling. It is ranked as the third source of Islamic law and is considered binding when it is unanimous agreement of scholars of a particular era.
Q7. What is "Qiyas" in Islamic jurisprudence?
Answer: Analogical reasoning applied to new cases
Explanation: Qiyas is the fourth source of Islamic law and refers to analogical reasoning - extending an existing Sharia ruling to a new case that shares the same effective cause (illa). For example, the prohibition of wine is extended to all intoxicants by analogy.
Q8. The Hanafi school recognizes which additional source of law beyond the four primary ones?
Answer: Istihsan (juristic preference)
Explanation: The Hanafi school distinctively employs Istihsan (juristic preference), which allows a jurist to depart from strict analogical reasoning when a better solution serves equity or removes hardship. Imam Abu Hanifa used Istihsan extensively as a jurisprudential tool.
Q9. How many objectives (Maqasid) of Sharia are identified in classical Islamic jurisprudence?
Answer: Five
Explanation: Classical Islamic jurisprudence identifies five Maqasid al-Shariah (objectives of Sharia): protection of Din (religion), Nafs (life), Aql (intellect), Nasl (lineage/progeny), and Mal (property). This framework was systematized by Imam al-Ghazali and later by al-Shatibi.
Q10. Which of the following is NOT one of the five Maqasid al-Shariah?
Answer: Protection of sovereignty (Hukm)
Explanation: The five Maqasid al-Shariah are protection of Din (religion), Nafs (life), Aql (intellect), Nasl (lineage), and Mal (property). Protection of sovereignty (Hukm) is not among the five classical objectives recognized by scholars like al-Ghazali and al-Shatibi.
Q11. Which Maqasid al-Shariah objective is primarily protected by Islamic laws against apostasy?
Answer: Protection of religion (Din)
Explanation: Islamic laws related to apostasy (riddah) are primarily aimed at protecting Din (religion), one of the five Maqasid al-Shariah. The protection of religion ensures the preservation and continuity of the Islamic faith within the community.
Q12. A "Fatwa" in Islamic law is best described as:
Answer: A non-binding legal opinion issued by a qualified mufti
Explanation: A Fatwa is a non-binding legal opinion on Islamic law issued by a qualified religious scholar (mufti) in response to a question. Unlike a court judgment (qada), a fatwa is not legally enforceable - it serves as guidance for Muslims seeking scholarly advice.
Q13. The concept of "Ijtihad" refers to:
Answer: Independent legal reasoning by a qualified scholar
Explanation: Ijtihad is the process of independent legal reasoning exercised by a qualified scholar (mujtahid) to derive rulings on issues not explicitly addressed in the Quran or Sunnah. The person qualified to perform Ijtihad must master Arabic, Quran, Sunnah, and principles of jurisprudence.
Q14. In the classification of Sharia rulings, "Makruh" means:
Answer: Disliked but not sinful if done
Explanation: Makruh refers to acts that are disliked or discouraged in Islamic law but are not sinful if performed - no punishment is incurred, but avoiding them earns a reward. It is contrasted with Haram (prohibited, which is sinful) and Mustahab (recommended).
Q15. The term "Usul al-Fiqh" refers to:
Answer: The principles and methodology of Islamic jurisprudence
Explanation: Usul al-Fiqh (roots/principles of jurisprudence) is the science that deals with the methodological principles used to derive Islamic legal rulings from the primary sources. It is distinguished from Furu al-Fiqh, which refers to the actual detailed rulings.
Q16. The principle "Al-umur bi-maqasidiha" (matters are judged by their objectives) is a foundational maxim of:
Answer: Islamic legal maxims (Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah)
Explanation: This phrase is one of the five grand legal maxims (al-Qawa'id al-Kulliyyah al-Khams) of Islamic jurisprudence, meaning intentions and objectives determine the legal character of acts. It underpins the entire field of Qawa'id al-Fiqhiyyah (Islamic legal maxims) used across all four schools.
Q17. Which of the following scholars is credited with systematizing the doctrine of Maqasid al-Shariah?
Answer: Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi
Explanation: Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (died 1388 CE) of the Maliki school is credited with the most comprehensive systematization of Maqasid al-Shariah in his work Al-Muwafaqat. While al-Ghazali earlier identified the five objectives, al-Shatibi developed the theory into a complete jurisprudential framework.
Q18. Which of the following is classified as "Fard Kifaya" (collective obligation)?
Answer: Funeral prayer (Salat al-Janaza)
Explanation: Fard Kifaya is a collective obligation that is discharged for the entire community when a sufficient number of Muslims fulfil it. The funeral prayer (Salat al-Janaza) is a classic example - if enough community members perform it, the obligation is lifted from others.
Q19. In Usul al-Fiqh, "Naskh" refers to:
Answer: Abrogation of one Quranic verse or ruling by a later one
Explanation: Naskh (abrogation) is the Quranic and Fiqh principle by which a later revelation supersedes or cancels an earlier ruling on the same matter. Scholars of Usul al-Fiqh have identified various types of abrogation, including Quran abrogating Quran and Sunnah abrogating Sunnah.
Q20. The "Illa" in Qiyas refers to:
Answer: The effective cause or rationale shared between original and new case
Explanation: In Qiyas (analogical reasoning), the Illa (effective cause or ratio legis) is the shared characteristic between the original case (asl) and the new case (far') that justifies extending the ruling. For example, the Illa for prohibiting wine is intoxication, which extends the prohibition to all intoxicants.
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